MOLECULAR GENETICS LABORATORY
As Intergen Genetics and Rare Diseases Diagnosis Research and Application Center, we started Molecular Laboratory studies in 2008.
In the molecular laboratory, we carry out laboratory studies that play a role in the diagnosis of diseases that occur as a result of changes in DNA and RNA levels. As a result of our studies, we shed light on the early diagnosis of diseases and the planning of treatment processes.
Almost all diagnostic molecular tests and almost all laboratory techniques used in medicine are used in our molecular laboratory.
We carry out 90% of our tests with our own designs. Our work has been domestically accredited within the scope of TS EN ISO 15189 Medical Laboratories Quality and Competence.
CYTOGENETICS LABORATORY
Human cytogenetics emerged in the late 19th century as a field of research investigating the structure, function, and evolution of chromosomes. Flemming published the first chromosome pictures in 1882, and Waldeyer used the term "chromosome" for the first time in 1888. The next stage was passed at the beginning of the 20th century. “How many chromosomes do humans have?” Studies on the human karyotype have continued for years to find an answer to the question. In 1912, Winiwarter stated that there are 47 chromosomes in the sperm cell; reported that there are 48 chromosomes in the egg cell. In 1922, Painter commented on the number of chromosomes as 46 or 48, initially stating that it was 46, but later changed his mind to 48. For more than three decades, the human chromosome number remained at 48 in science books. With the development of new techniques, researchers in Levan's laboratory proved in 1955 that the human karyotype contains 46 chromosomes.
As new technologies have developed in the last 65-70 years, chromosomes have started to be examined in much more detail, banding methods have been developed and their relationship with diseases has been identified. Technology is advancing day by day. But even in this period when new generation sequencing methods are used, in which the DNA of even mammoths is detected, chromosomal analysis remains the gold standard for diagnosing many diseases.
Chromosomal diseases account for approximately one-third of genetic diseases. Chromosome analysis can be done from materials taken by amniotic fluid, chorionic villus sampling, and cordocentesis methods in prenatal pregnancy, from different tissues such as postpartum peripheral blood or skin, from blood and bone marrow in hematological diseases, and miscarriage material in pregnancy losses. The most important rule to obtaining a chromosome from a tissue is that the cells in the tissue are alive and divisible. Regardless of which tissue is studied, the study is started by using special nutrients and solutions that stimulate division to reproduce the cells in the tissue. Almost every step is done by a person who is an expert in this field. Robotized systems can be used in very few cytogenetic studies. For this reason, attention, experience, and dexterity are very important. Cytogenetic studies will continue to be used for a very long time.
Chromosomes are the packaged form of DNA. The total unfolded length of DNA in a human cell is 2 m. This DNA is packaged with histone proteins to fit into the nucleus, which is 5-10 micrometers in diameter. Chromatin is a structure made up of DNA and proteins. They contain about twice the protein of DNA. The main proteins of chromatin are histones, which are small proteins that contain high levels of basic amino acids (arginine, and lysine) that facilitate binding to the negatively charged DNA molecule. There are five basic types of histones (H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) The mass of histones is approximately equal to the DNA of the cell. Chromatin also includes nonhistone chromosomal proteins responsible for various activities, including DNA replication and gene expression. Chromosomes are also shortened, thickened, condensed approximately 10,000 times during the mitosis stage, and are structures that become visible in the light microscope. Chromosomes, which are normally found in the form of DNA strands in the cell, shorten and thicken during the mitosis stage, thus ensuring that the genetic material is transferred to the daughter cells completely and without error during cell division. It also prevents DNA damage and controls gene expression and DNA replication.
What does Intergen do in Cytogenetics:
• Our center staff has hundreds of thousands of patients and significant experience.
• All cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic techniques are used.
• Chromosome tests can be done from all cultured tissues.
• Cancer tests and hematological malignancy tests such as leukemia-lymphoma are applied.
• Many methods are used, including techniques performed in very few centers in the world, such as mosaic marker chromosome identification.
• You can contact our center for any other questions.
PATHOLOGY LABORATORY
Pathology; It is the field of clinical medicine, which consists of the words pathos (disease) and logos (science) and is among the surgical medical sciences in which diseases are examined with scientific methods.
Surgical Pathology
The diagnostic procedures of surgical pathology involve a wide variety of techniques. The most basic technique is at the macroscopic level, and viewing the sample with the naked eye alone can provide the pathologist with sufficient information to make a diagnosis. However, most often the pathologist also performs microscopic examination for an adequate diagnosis and prognosis. Therefore, the microscope is one of the primary tools a pathologist uses. Surgical pathology does not rely only on the eye and the microscope. Almost every stage of pathology studies requires manual labor. The devices are used at certain preparatory stages. Afterward, a good technician completes all the preparations. Physicians and technicians should work together and in harmony in pathology laboratories. For this reason, details such as preparation of a preparation, where to take the section, how to fix it, how the dye is, and how thin the section will be taken are very important in the success of the diagnosis. This shows how important experience and experience are besides knowledge.
Genetics and Pathology
In today's world, pathology and genetics are like two married branches. Especially in cancer studies and in the investigation of somatic mutations, the two branches work together. When the tissue comes to the laboratory, macroscopy studies are performed in the pathology unit. According to the type of cancer, where and how many sections will be taken and how the study will be done are determined. Regardless of which study is performed on the tissue, in the first step, it is necessary to determine which region of the incoming tissue is cancer tissue. It is determined how much of the cancer tissue covers the entire tissue in the area to be examined. After this preliminary study, detailed studies are started for whichever method the study will be carried out. If sequence analysis is required, tissue is taken from the marked region, DNA isolation is performed and the study is started for which gene to be studied. If FISH is to be performed, sections of appropriate thickness are taken for the FISH study. In these sections, the cancerous area is marked and the study is performed by dripping a probe into this area.
Laboratories
MOLECULAR GENETICS LABORATORY
As Intergen Genetics and Rare Diseases Diagnosis Research and Application Center, we started Molecular Laboratory studies in 2008.
In the molecular laboratory, we carry out laboratory studies that play a role in the diagnosis of diseases that occur as a result of changes in DNA and RNA levels. As a result of our studies, we shed light on the early diagnosis of diseases and the planning of treatment processes.
Almost all diagnostic molecular tests and almost all laboratory techniques used in medicine are used in our molecular laboratory.
We carry out 90% of our tests with our own designs. Our work has been domestically accredited within the scope of TS EN ISO 15189 Medical Laboratories Quality and Competence.
CYTOGENETICS LABORATORY
Human cytogenetics emerged in the late 19th century as a field of research investigating the structure, function, and evolution of chromosomes. Flemming published the first chromosome pictures in 1882, and Waldeyer used the term "chromosome" for the first time in 1888.
The next stage was passed at the beginning of the 20th century. “How many chromosomes do humans have?” Studies on the human karyotype have continued for years to find an answer to the question. In 1912, Winiwarter stated that there are 47 chromosomes in the sperm cell; reported that there are 48 chromosomes in the egg cell. In 1922, Painter commented on the number of chromosomes as 46 or 48, initially stating that it was 46, but later changed his mind to 48. For more than three decades, the human chromosome number remained at 48 in science books. With the development of new techniques, researchers in Levan's laboratory proved in 1955 that the human karyotype contains 46 chromosomes.
As new technologies have developed in the last 65-70 years, chromosomes have started to be examined in much more detail, banding methods have been developed and their relationship with diseases has been identified. Technology is advancing day by day. But even in this period when new generation sequencing methods are used, in which the DNA of even mammoths is detected, chromosomal analysis remains the gold standard for diagnosing many diseases.
Chromosomal diseases account for approximately one-third of genetic diseases. Chromosome analysis can be done from materials taken by amniotic fluid, chorionic villus sampling, and cordocentesis methods in prenatal pregnancy, from different tissues such as postpartum peripheral blood or skin, from blood and bone marrow in hematological diseases, and miscarriage material in pregnancy losses. The most important rule to obtaining a chromosome from a tissue is that the cells in the tissue are alive and divisible. Regardless of which tissue is studied, the study is started by using special nutrients and solutions that stimulate division to reproduce the cells in the tissue. Almost every step is done by a person who is an expert in this field. Robotized systems can be used in very few cytogenetic studies. For this reason, attention, experience, and dexterity are very important. Cytogenetic studies will continue to be used for a very long time.
Chromosomes are the packaged form of DNA. The total unfolded length of DNA in a human cell is 2 m. This DNA is packaged with histone proteins to fit into the nucleus, which is 5-10 micrometers in diameter. Chromatin is a structure made up of DNA and proteins. They contain about twice the protein of DNA. The main proteins of chromatin are histones, which are small proteins that contain high levels of basic amino acids (arginine, and lysine) that facilitate binding to the negatively charged DNA molecule. There are five basic types of histones (H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) The mass of histones is approximately equal to the DNA of the cell. Chromatin also includes nonhistone chromosomal proteins responsible for various activities, including DNA replication and gene expression. Chromosomes are also shortened, thickened, condensed approximately 10,000 times during the mitosis stage, and are structures that become visible in the light microscope. Chromosomes, which are normally found in the form of DNA strands in the cell, shorten and thicken during the mitosis stage, thus ensuring that the genetic material is transferred to the daughter cells completely and without error during cell division. It also prevents DNA damage and controls gene expression and DNA replication.
What does Intergen do in Cytogenetics:
• Our center staff has hundreds of thousands of patients and significant experience.
• All cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic techniques are used.
• Chromosome tests can be done from all cultured tissues.
• Cancer tests and hematological malignancy tests such as leukemia-lymphoma are applied.
• Many methods are used, including techniques performed in very few centers in the world, such as mosaic marker chromosome identification.
• You can contact our center for any other questions.
PATHOLOGY LABORATORY
Pathology; It is the field of clinical medicine, which consists of the words pathos (disease) and logos (science) and is among the surgical medical sciences in which diseases are examined with scientific methods.